New York Criminal Lawyer Blog
A New York Criminal Lawyer said that, the People’s evidence consists mainly of testimony by the Police Officer that on June 12, 1977, he peered through the partially opened window of the brightly lit rest room at the rear of premises used as a bar. He observed the defendant enter with three or four other individuals. Defendant took a clear plastic bag containing white powder from the crotch of his pants and used a silver plastic spoon to scoop powder out of the bag. Although their backs faced the window, the Officer concluded that the defendant’s companions were snorting, i. e., partaking of the white powder the defendant offered to them. Defendant spooned the white powder from the bag separately for each of his companions. As defendant raised the spoon to each man’s face, the Officer could see the powder in the spoon. As defendant withdrew the spoon after the powder had been “snorted,” Anderson saw that the spoon was empty. He drew his conclusion from the motions they made with their hands, as well as from the noises they made.
A New York Drug Possession Lawyer said that, the Officer radioed his observation, including a description of defendant, to back-up officers who then entered the tavern. then observed a fellow officer enter the rest room and direct defendant and his one remaining companion (the others having left in the interim) to place their hands on the wall. Defendant dropped the contraband as he complied with this directive. The Officer then left his observation post, entered the tavern, proceeded to the rest room, and upon entering the latter, retrieved the bag of narcotics (cocaine) from the floor. He preliminarily frisked defendant for weapons in the rest room. At the station house, he searched the defendant and found a silver quarter teaspoon (measuring spoon) and $1,111 cash 1 in defendant’s pocket. The police testimony was credited by the Justice presiding at the Suppression Hearing and subsequently by the jury at trial, resulting in a judgment convicting defendant of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fifth degree.
A New York Cocaine Possession Lawyer said that, on appeal, defendant urges that the Officer’s surveillance of the rest room constituted a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment not justified by exigent circumstances and without benefit of a warrant. He concludes that since the narcotics, the spoon and the money were seized as a result of the surveillance, these items should be suppressed.
The issue in this case is whether the warrantless search is unconstitutional.
It is recognized that conduct which a person seeks to preserve as private, even in a place accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected, if that conduct occurs under circumstances in which the person may reasonably expect to be free from intrusion. Thus, visual surveillance into an enclosed area, such as a toilet stall in a public rest room, has been held to constitute a search in violation of the Fourth Amendment because such an area, though accessible to the public, is private while it is in use and the temporary occupant may reasonably expect to be free from intrusion. However, not every instance of police surveillance in a public rest room constitutes a Fourth Amendment search.
Defendant’s conduct did not occur while he was the temporary occupant of such an enclosed area. Defendant, upon entering the unlocked rest room, remained in the “public” area and did not enter the toilet stall which provided some measure of privacy. He distributed the cocaine in the common or public area of the rest room. “There is no justified expectation of privacy as to incriminating conduct which occurs in the public area of a rest room rather than inside one of the stalls”. Accordingly, under the circumstances herein, the police surveillance did not violate a recognized privacy interest of defendant, and did not constitute a search within the ambit of the Fourth Amendment.
Relevant to Officer’s testimony as to the $1,111 discovered on defendant’s person in the subsequent search, the criminal Prosecutor urged in summation that defendant’s possession of the money, when considered in light of his admission that he had been working part-time in a grocery store, showed that defendant possessed the cocaine with intent to sell. In marshalling the evidence on the issue of intent to sell, the trial court reminded the jury of the Prosecutor’s position that the money demonstrated defendant’s intent to sell. Defendant contends that his possession of the money was irrelevant to any issue at trial and that admission of testimony as to the money was highly prejudicial, since such possession tended to show proof of possible other crimes having no apparent relationship to the crimes charged. Essentially, defendant claims that the prejudicial effect of this testimony outweighed any probative value it may have had.
The common sense dictionary definition of “sell” and “sale” denotes the transfer or conveyance of property from one to another for a sum of money or any other consideration. Thus, in the ordinary sense of the term “sell,” defendant’s intent to sell could not be inferred from his mere possession and distribution of cocaine possession. Of course, the definition of “sell,” within the terms and provisions of the Penal Law, is expanded well beyond the ordinary meaning. Penal Law § 220.00(1) states: “‘Sell’ means to sell, exchange, give or dispose of to another, or to offer or agree to do the same.” Of itself, this distinction between the ordinary meaning of “sell” and the expanded Penal Law definition does not preclude the People from proving a defendant’s intent to “sell” in the ordinary sense of that term. This necessarily follows from the fact that the expanded meaning of the term “sell”, as set forth in the Penal Law, embraces the ordinary sense or meaning of that word. Bail would be coming.
We are not confronted here with an indictment charging defendant with a single sale, i. e., with criminal sale (not sales) of a controlled substance. The crime charged herein of possession of a controlled substance in the third degree, i. e., possession with intent to sell, clearly distinguishes the instant appeal from which concerned itself with a defendant who was charged with only a single sale. Evidence of defendant’s involvement in the narcotics trade, in the sales of narcotics, would have been irrelevant had he been charged with a single sale, for in that case the People would not have had the burden of establishing any specific intent, but only that defendant knowingly made the sale. Here, the jury had to determine whether defendant had the intent to sell. As emphasized by this Court and implicitly conceded by defendant, the money tended to show that defendant was a seller of narcotics. Its introduction into evidence would support, under the circumstances herein, an inference that defendant intended to make sales on the occasion in the rest room. Again, the fact that defendant was observed engaging in separate transactions with each of his companions, rather than a single transaction with only one individual, serves to distinguish this matter. Research has disclosed no compelling authority for the proposition that the introduction into evidence of money found on a defendant’s person after his arrest for the crime of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree is improper under any circumstances, despite whatever probative value the money may have in establishing defendant’s intent to sell because of the prejudicial effect, of whatever degree, generated by the implication that defendant committed other crimes. To reiterate, the narcotic activity observed by the Officer consisted in part of defendant’s giving some of the narcotic, not to one only, but to each of his companions. Such activity serves as predicate for a common sense inference that defendant is engaged in narcotic activity as a trade, not just as an isolated event a single sale or intent to make a single sale.
Further, even assuming the admission of his testimony relating to the $1,111 was improper, the error was one not likely to have affected the verdict. We are persuaded, in light of the record herein that, assuming the admission of testimony as to defendant’s possession of $1,111 in cash at the time of his arrest to be irrelevant and, therefore, improper, such error was harmless. In light of the Officer’s testimony that he saw defendant distribute the cocaine to his companions, i. e., that he observed actual sales, his testimony concerning the money did not significantly affect the outcome of the trial. The jury was explicitly instructed that any delivery of cocaine to another is a sale under the Penal Law, regardless of whether the seller receives any compensation. Having heard that instruction, the jury would clearly have convicted defendant of possession with intent to sell (Criminal Possession of a Controlled Substance in the Third Degree-Penal Law § 220.16(1)), even if the money had not been mentioned, provided only that they accepted Officer’s account of what he saw in the rest room. Both the People and the defendant stress that the real issue before the jury was simply that of credibility. Viewing the testimony on both sides as a whole, guided by common sense, it is highly unlikely that the jury seized on the money as a critical factor in determining the witness’ relative credibility. Given this unlikelihood, together with the overwhelming evidence of guilt supplied by the Officers, there is no significant probability that defendant would have been acquitted on either count had the jury not been told about the money. Accordingly, assuming the admission of the Officer’s testimony about the money was improper, the impropriety was harmless, as there is no significant probability, apart from a rational possibility, that the jury would have acquitted the defendant but for this error.
Further it is noted that, assuming the admission of such testimony to be error and further assuming such error to have improperly affected the verdict on a count of possession with intent to sell, such error still would not mandate reversal of defendant’s conviction of possession of a controlled substance in the fifth degree possession of one-eighth ounce of a narcotic drug. The testimony as to the money was offered solely on the issue of defendant’s intent to sell. The evidence that defendant possessed one-eighth of an ounce of cocaine, without reference to any intent to sell, was overwhelming. As to this count, the error, assuming there was error, was patently harmless.
In conclusion, it is observed that the People urgently endeavor to frame the issue, not in the context of harmless error, but in the context of proper testimony relevant to the intent of the defendant to sell the narcotic in the traditional dictionary sense of that term, i. e., to dispense the product for a consideration. The People’s argument has a rational basis. The zeal of the People in advancing such argument emanates from a keen perception of the insidious danger posed to society by the seller of narcotics. Endangering the welfare of a child was not an issue.
Accordingly, the judgment, Supreme Court, New York County, rendered May 25, 1978, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fifth degree should be affirmed.