New York Criminal Lawyer Blog
In January 1992, the 13-year-old appellant was arrested. He was charged with acts which, if committed by an adult, would have constituted the crimes of attempted grand larceny in the third degree, attempted grand larceny in the fourth degree, criminal mischief in the third degree, and criminal mischief in the fourth degree. He was remanded to a secure facility, based upon a history of absconding from Children’s Village, a non-secure setting, several times in the prior several months, and upon his posing a serious risk of not appearing in court on the return date. At a fact-finding hearing, he admitted to having committed acts constituting two counts of criminal mischief in the fourth degree. On that date, his Law Guardian requested that the dispositional hearing be adjourned from Westchester to Brooklyn, as that was the appellant’s last county of residence. That application was joined in by the Westchester County Attorney, and the matter was transferred to Kings County for a dispositional hearing. The fact-finding order was entered thereafter.
A Kings County Criminal lawyer said that the appellant appeared in the Family Court, Kings County, seven days later, and was assigned a new Law Guardian. On that date, the presentment agency asked for continued remand for purposes of conducting a probation investigation and preparing a report, a mental health study, and an exploration of placement, and in order to ascertain the whereabouts of his parents or guardian and his status at Children’s Village. Over the Law Guardian’s objection, the court adjourned the matter for those purposes, and continued the remand because no parent or guardian was present in court, as well as because there was substantial probability that the appellant would not appear on the return date. The matter was adjourned for disposition. Family Court Act § 350.1(1) provides that in cases such as this, the dispositional hearing shall commence 10 days after entry of the fact-finding order. That statutory 10-day period expired on February 7, 1992.
On February 6, the Law Guardian moved to dismiss the petition pursuant to Family Court Act § 350.1. That motion was denied on February 10. At that time, the court noted that it had received a probation and mental health report, but that the probation department required an adjournment in order to complete the exploration of placement alternatives. The court granted the adjournment, finding special circumstances, and adjourned the case to February 19, 1992.
By writ of habeas corpus allowed, the Law Guardian sought the release of the appellant in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, Kings County granted the writ, and ordered the appellant released, finding that the time period consumed during the transfer of the child from Westchester County to Brooklyn was excessive.
Thereafter, the Family Court noted that the matter was ready for a dispositional hearing, since it had received the placement report. The Law Guardian again moved to dismiss the petition, asserting a violation of the appellant’s rights to a speedy disposition pursuant to Family Court Act § 350.1, but the court again denied the application, reiterating the existence of special circumstances. At this juncture the Law Guardian requested an adjournment of the dispositional hearing for two weeks in order to allow his own social worker to conduct further explorations of placement, and, in fact, subsequently requested a second adjournment. Later, the appellant waived his right to a dispositional hearing and consented to placement with the Division for Youth for up to 12 months, as he had been rejected by all other facilities.
The issue to be resolved in this case is whether good cause and special circumstances existed, justifying the adjournments, which extended the statutory time limit for the dispositional hearing by 12 days.
Pursuant to Family Court Act § 350.1(1), “if the [appellant] is detained and has not been found to have committed a designated felony act [as in this case] the dispositional hearing shall commence not more than ten days after the entry of [a fact finding order]”. The court may in its discretion adjourn a dispositional hearing for up to 10 days for “good cause shown” (Family Court Act § 350.1[3][a]. The court must state the reasons for the adjournment on the record, and successive adjournments are not permitted unless “special circumstances” are shown (Family Court Act § 350.1[4][5]. On February 7, the 10-day period commencing January 28 expired. The court was prepared to commence the dispositional hearing on February 19.
The issue of whether inter-county transfers constitute “good cause” or “special circumstances” justifying adjournments for purpose of speedy disposition considerations has not previously been addressed by our appellate courts. Family Court Act § 302.3(4), which provides for such inter-county transfers, clearly fails to provide for their consequences. As noted by the Family Court in a case, providing for removal of juveniles from Criminal to Family Courts, affords the closest parallel to such inter-county transfers. However, that statute contemplates an immediate transfer from Criminal to Family Court, not later than the next day the Family Court is in session, under circumstances posing different practical and geographic considerations from inter-county transfers. Thus, since legislative guidance is lacking, the courts must consider on a case-by-case basis whether or not the specific circumstances of a particular inter-county transfer constitute good cause or special circumstances justifying an adjournment.
The Court holds that the facts of this case satisfy the good cause or special circumstances test. The transfer in this case consumed only seven days, or five working days–a period which is reasonable given the well-known, over-burdened, and understaffed realities of Family Courts and their related agencies. Also relevant is the fact that the application for the transfer was made by the appellant’s Law Guardian for the benefit of the appellant and consented to for that purpose by the presentment agency and the court. Unless inter-county transfers such as the one in this case are regarded as good cause or special circumstances, Family Court judges might be well advised to grant such transfer applications only on condition that resulting speedy disposition violations are waived.
At the appellant’s first appearance on February 4, 1992, the Family Court, Kings County, had no alternative but to grant an adjournment in order to comply with the statutory mandate that the court assign a new Law Guardian and order a probation investigation. In addition, since the statute requires that probation reports and diagnostic assessments be submitted to the court at least five days before the dispositional hearing is commenced, compliance in this case was virtually impossible, since the 10-day statutory time limit terminated on February 7, and the case was first before the Family Court, Kings County, on February 4. Moreover, even if we were to overlook the aforesaid requirement of Family Court Act § 351.1(5), clearly the three-day period from February 4 to February 7 was entirely inadequate for the preparation of probation reports, mental health studies, and placement evaluations. As is pointed out in the Practice Commentary to Family Court Act § 350.1, “the provision is simply unworkable” While statutory reform would be most welcome, the Court must in the interim rely upon the courts’ reasonable interpretation of those legislative provisions that expressly permit adjournments for good cause shown and special circumstances.
The second adjournment was granted on February 10, three days after the prescribed statutory time would have run. It was granted in order to permit the probation department to complete its exploration of placement alternatives for the appellant. The exploration of placement report noted that seven placement alternatives had been considered and rejected, two on the ground that the juvenile required a more structured setting. This unsuccessful effort to find an appropriate placement took 15 days. The fact that it required a second adjournment, extending the statutory limit by 12 days, constitutes special circumstances, given any reasonable interpretation of the statute. Pursuant to Family Court Act § 352.1(1), it is the court’s responsibility to determine whether a juvenile requires supervision, treatment, or confinement, and in so doing, the court is required to order the least restrictive disposition consistent with the “needs and best interests of the juvenile as well as the need for protection of the community”. These are the explicitly stated purposes of the juvenile justice system. Clearly, the avowed purpose of Family Court detention is not punishment but rehabilitation of the juvenile for his or her sake and that of the community. For this purpose, the Legislature provided the Family Court with auxiliary services to conduct a probation investigation and diagnostic assessments. Therefore, an inflexible application of the 10-day limit is inconsistent with the purposes of the statute. Nor does the desired result require judicial rewriting of the statute, since the Legislature provided for adjournments for good cause and special circumstances.
This 13-year-old neglected child was an orphan who had demonstrated prior difficulties in a nonsecure setting from which he absconded on several occasions, and who had no relative sufficiently concerned for his welfare to appear at the hearings. To him the importance of placement in an appropriate facility was critical.
A construction of the statute making compliance literally impossible for the presentment agency will result in the dismissal of petitions, even in cases such as the one before us, where the guilt of the appellant is proven by his or her own admission, depriving the juvenile of assistance and the community of protection, and demonstrating to both the abysmal failure of the justice system.
Mindful though, the Court is of the strict construction that the Court of Appeals has afforded to the time constraints of the Family Court Act in a case, the court find that prior authority does not compel dismissal of this petition.
In a petition before the Supreme Court, petition was dismissed where there was a 218-day delay of the fact-finding hearing resulting from the court’s failure to hold a suppression hearing, and from delays and confusion caused by the substitution of a new Judge. Here, the delay was 12 days and the facts resulting in the adjournment are of an entirely different nature, deriving from neither court delay nor administrative confusion. The Law Guardian caused no delay in this case. In all of the above-noted cases, the facts and circumstances are clearly distinguishable from those here, where the agency consistently acted diligently in attempting to comply with the time constraints of the statute, and the court moved the case as expeditiously as possible, noting its reasons for granting the adjournments on the record. Within the confines of the statute as it presently exists, no more could have been done. Recognizing the express purposes and mandates of the Family Court Act, reason dictates that good cause and special circumstances justified this 12-day extension of the statutory time for the appellant’s dispositional hearing. Accordingly, the order appealed from is affirmed.
When resolving a case takes for an unreasonable time to be resolved, justice is deemed denied. Here in Stephen Bilkis and Associates, our Kings County Criminal Lawyers make it a point that the cases of our clients are handled well. They see to it that justice is served.